辽宁省果树科学研究所梨育种回顾与展望

作者对辽宁省果树科学研究所近40年来育种工作进行了系统的回顾,包括杂交育种、芽变选种、实生选种等不同育种方法及在梨果实性状遗传规律方面取得的成就等。并对未来的育种趋势进行了展望。     

环状RNA及其在生殖发育中的研究进展

环状RNA（circular RNA，circ-RNA）是一类由初始转录RNA反向剪接，形成的闭合环状RNA分子，广泛存在于真核细胞中。因不受RNA外切酶切割，所以稳定存在时间长。主要通过海绵吸附作用竞争性结合miRNA调节基因表达。circ-RNA分子鉴定及其生理调控作用成为近几年生命科学领域的研究热点，本文从circ-RNA的生成过程、在早期胚胎发育调控以及配子发育过程中的数量和作用等方面进行了综述。     

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

柠檬花精油挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

[目的]对柠檬8份种质资源的花进行精油提取和成分分析鉴定,分析8种柠檬花精油挥发性成分组成差异和相似度,为柠檬花资源的开发利用、不同种质柠檬亲缘关系鉴定及优质柠檬种质的筛选提供基础数据.[方法]利用水蒸气蒸馏法对福建省泉州市国家农业科技园区果蔬园柠檬良种筛选圃内尤力克、费米耐劳、印度大果、越南四季柠檬、台湾香水柠檬、漳州本地柠檬、北京柠檬和江苏2号等8份种质资源的花进行精油提取,运用气相色谱—质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析和鉴定其挥发性成分,并采用SPSS 22.0进行相似度分析.[结果]8份柠檬花精油出油率为0.052%~0.139%.共鉴定出151种挥发性成分,其中萜烯类52种、醇类47种、酯类15种、醛类11种、酮类10种、烷烃类7种、酚类4种、其他5种.尤力克共鉴定出挥发性成分54种,费米耐劳67种,印度大果27种,越南四季柠檬78种,台湾香水柠檬27种,漳州本地柠檬45种,北京柠檬42种,江苏2号42种.8份柠檬花精油共有成分8种,分别为D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、β-石竹烯、柠檬醛、芳樟醇、α-松油醇和香叶醇;特异性成分78种,其中尤力克6种、费米耐劳19种、印度大果2种、越南四季柠檬29种、台湾香水柠檬4种、漳州本地柠檬3种、北京柠檬7种、江苏2号8种.柠檬花精油中以萜烯类(35.29%~80.81%)、醇类(7.91%~43.04%)和醛类(0.19%~14.67%)相对含量较多,其中萜烯类中相对含量较高的有D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯和3-蒈烯,醇类中相对含量较高的有合金欢醇和芳樟醇,醛类中相对含量较高的是柠檬醛.8份柠檬花精油间关系最近的是北京柠檬与江苏2号,相似度为0.996,最远的是越南四季柠檬与台湾香水柠檬,相似度为0.650.[结论]不同柠檬花精油出油率和成分的差异反映柠檬不同种质间的遗传差异.同时,柠檬花精油中含有的成分具有良好的开发和应用价值.     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

新疆博尔塔拉河冬季鱼类群落空间分布及其与环境因子的关系

为完善新疆博尔塔拉河流域的渔业生态评估及体系养护,2016年11月在博尔塔拉河流域展开资源调查,于干流设置4个监测断面,对该水域鱼类群落结构进行研究。本调查共采集鱼类1515尾,隶属于3目5科14属,共计15种,均为硬骨鱼类;通过相对重要性指数(IRI指数)获得的博尔塔拉河干流的鱼类优势种共计3种,分别为麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)和新疆高原鳅(Triplophysastrauchii)。基于Bray-Curtis相似性指数的二维聚类分析结果显示,在60%相似水平上空间聚类,可将博尔塔拉河分为上游及下游2组,物种聚类在50%相似水平上可分为Ⅰ～Ⅳ共计4组。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,影响冬季鱼类群落空间结构的主要环境因子为海拔、温度和溶氧。对照历史资料结果表明,博尔塔拉河流域的土著鱼类种类减少;外来鱼类种类逐年增加;经济鱼种减少;鱼类群落小型化明显。本研究可为该流域生态环境评估、水资源开发利用及渔业资源养护提供基础数据,具有一定的参考价值。     

桑沟湾养殖海带生长的模型预测

海带(Saccharinajaponica)是一种常见的大型经济褐藻,是海洋生态系统重要的初级生产者,也是我国北方沿海主要的养殖藻类。本研究旨在建立海带个体生长数值模型,并以此预测中国北方近海大规模筏式养殖条件下海带的生长情况。本研究以桑沟湾养殖海带为例,利用可视化模型软件STELLA描述海带生长的关键过程及其与环境参数的关系,以净生长量(N_(growth))=总生长量(G_(growth))–呼吸作用(resp)–枯烂(E_(kelp))为基本框架,模拟和预测海带的生物量和叶片长度变化。海带的总生长用光照、温度、盐度、海带体内营养盐(包括N和P)等强制函数定义,其中,光照参数来自桑沟湾气象记录,盐度、温度和营养盐为现场调查实测值。模型模拟桑沟湾养殖海带的长度与干重结果与实测值的拟合度R~2值分别为0.936、0.963,说明该模型能够很好反映海带的真实生长情况。可靠的个体生长模型是评估海带养殖容量的基础,并可为水产养殖区的空间规划提供决策依据。     

不同药剂组合对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯生产中的重要病害,是影响马铃薯产量和品质的重要因素之一,在云南春作马铃薯上普遍发生,且危害较重,给当地马铃薯产业带来了巨大的经济损失。为减轻马铃薯晚疫病对马铃薯生产造成的损失,试验研究了11种药剂7种药剂组合(包衣剂+保护剂+治疗剂)通过播种期种薯包衣,现蕾期叶面喷施一次保护剂,发病初期和发病中期叶面各喷一次治疗剂的方法防治马铃薯晚疫病。结果表明,药剂组合种薯包衣+甲霜·锰锌+氟吡菌胺·霜霉威的防治效果最好,防治效果达到60.99%,增产率176.28%,增效率152.27%;其次是种薯包衣+霜脲·锰锌+氟吡菌胺·霜霉威组合,防治效果达到60.15%,增产率173.20%,增效率150.55%。这2个药剂组合对马铃薯晚疫病均有极显著的防治效果,增产增效明显。     

中国茶园有害生物防控40年

总结了改革开放40年来,我国茶园有害生物防控领域取得的重要研究进展,分析了现阶段我国茶园有害生物防控存在的问题,提出了相应的发展对策,为我国茶园有害生物防控研究工作提供参考。     

早熟茴香不同节位花穗籽粒充实动态研究

在早熟茴香采种田,选择株型、花期一致的植株50株挂牌标记,从开花后第12 d开始每隔7 d测定不同节位花穗籽粒千粒重(鲜、干)、籽粒长宽,分析籽粒发育动态。结果表明,籽粒含水率下降最快的时期为灌浆高峰期,但灌浆强弱不同。头穗花籽粒灌浆速度、强度、干物质积累量始终较二穗花籽粒强,灌浆峰期提早,为籽粒灌浆强势花穗。头穗花适宜采收期为其开花后38 d;二穗花籽粒适宜采收期为头穗花开花后46 d。